Jumat, 10 April 2009

Indian in record chilli attempt

Anandita Dutta Tamuly and Gordon Ramsay
Ms Tamuly was disappointed she had not managed more

An Indian mother is set for an entry into the Guinness World Records after eating 51 of the world's hottest chilli in two minutes.

Anandita Dutta Tamuly, 26, gobbled up the "ghost chillis" in front of visiting British chef Gordon Ramsay in the north-eastern state of Assam.

Ms Tamuly told Associated Press she "felt terrible" - because she had managed 60 in an earlier local event.

Mr Ramsay tried a chilli but said "it's too much" and pleaded for water.

He is in Assam for a television shoot of a global food series.

'Awestruck'

Guinness World Records accepted in 2007 that the ghost chilli was the world's spiciest at more than one million Scoville units, the measure of spiciness, twice the heat of its closest rival.

A standard green chilli has about 1,500 units.

The chilli record took place on Thursday in Jorhat, 300km (200 miles) north-east of state capital, Guwahati.

Ms Tamuly told AP she used to eat the chilli as a child "while children of my age roamed the village to look for berries".

Atul Lahkar, a local chef, told the Times of India that Ms Tamuly also "smeared seeds of 25 chillies in her eyes in one minute with the crowd simply awestruck".

The previous record for eating was held by a South African with eight jalapenos in a minute.

Guinness World Records has not yet formally confirmed the record.


Obama sees 'hope' for US economy

US President Barack Obama has said he sees "glimmers of hope" in the economy, but warned that the system remained under "severe strain".

Speaking after a meeting with his top economic advisers, he said there was still "a lot of work to do".

Mr Obama promised more action on the economy in the coming weeks.

He said he and his team had discussed the stability of the financial system, the housing market and plans to help banks clear their books of bad assets.



breaking news

Russia 'will buy Israeli drones'


Russian forces withdraw from Georgia, October 2008
Performance of Russia's drones was criticised during the Georgia conflict

Russia has signed a deal to buy Israeli unmanned spy planes to help the country improve its own drones, reports say.

The news comes after reports that Moscow was unhappy with the performance of similar Russian aircraft during the conflict last year with Georgia.

An industry source in Israel said Russian generals had been impressed with the Israeli drones used by Georgia in the conflict.

Reports say the Israeli planes will cost a total of $50m (£35m).

Russia's deputy defence minister, Vladimir Popovkin, was quoted by Russian news agencies as saying the military had signed a contract to buy an unspecified number of pilotless drones.

"I was in Israel and even operated one," RIA-Novosti quoted him as saying.

He added that Russia wanted to study the technology of the drones in an effort to improve its own pilotless planes, which came under criticism during the Georgia conflict.

Mr Popovkin said Russia had used a Tipchak drone during the fighting with Georgia, but that it had "very many problems", RIA-Novosti reported.

"You could hear it flying from 100km away," RIA-Novosti quoted him as saying. "It returned all shot up."

The chief of staff of Russia's armed forces said in December that Moscow was negotiating with Israel to buy a batch of spy drones.


Charles Darwin's egg rediscovered


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A look at Charles Darwin's rediscovered egg in Cambridge

An egg collected by Charles Darwin during his voyage on HMS Beagle has been rediscovered at Cambridge University.

The small dark brown egg, with Darwin's name written on it, was found by a retired volunteer at the university's zoology museum.

It bears a large crack, caused after the great naturalist put it in a box that was too small for it.

The egg is the only one known to exist from Darwin's Beagle collection.

The Cracked Egg
The significance of the egg was only seen later

At one time it was thought there were a dozen or more.

It was spotted one day in February by volunteer Liz Wetton, who spends a day each week sorting eggs in the Museum's collection.

She said: "It was an exhilarating experience. After working on the egg collections for 10 years this was a tremendous thing to happen."

It was the collections manager, Mathew Lowe, who first realised the importance of the specimen.

"There are so many historical treasures in the collection, Liz did not realise this was a new discovery," Mr Lowe told BBC News.

"To have rediscovered a Beagle specimen in the 200th year of Darwin's birth is special enough, but to have evidence that Darwin himself broke it is a wonderful twist."

Dr Mike Brooke, the museum's curator of ornithology, traced the specimen's origin in the notebook of Professor Alfred Newton, a friend of Darwin's and a professor of zoology in the late 19th century.

Newton had written: "One egg, received through Frank Darwin, having been sent to me by his father who said he got it at Maldonado (Uruguay) and that it belonged to the Common Tinamou of those parts.

"The great man put it into too small a box and hence its unhappy state."

Darwin himself mistook the bird for a partridge at first. And in his notebooks from 1833, he wrote that the bird had a "high shrill chirp" and that its flesh was "most delicately white" when cooked.

The museum's director, Professor Michael Akam, said: "This find shows just how valuable the work of our loyal volunteers is to the museum".

Sweden targets strippers for tax

Sweden's tax authorities are seeking the bare facts about webcam strippers' income, estimating that hundreds of Swedish women are dodging the law.

Woman in skirt (file pic)
Webcam stripping is proving lucrative for some Swedish women

The search involves tax officials examining websites that feature Swedish strippers, in an effort to identify them and chase them for tax returns.

The tax loss is estimated at about 40m Swedish kronor (£3.3m) annually.

Project leader Dag Hardyson said 200 Swedish strippers had been investigated so far. He said the total could be 500.

"They are young girls, we can see from the photos. We think that perhaps they are not well informed about the rules," said Mr Hardyson, head of the tax authority's national project on internet trade.

The investigation into strippers is part of a wider tax project that includes online poker and fake trader locations.

Detective work

Mr Hardyson told BBC News that the strippers could be liable to pay about half of their earnings in tax. Striptease via webcam is quite legal in Sweden, unlike prostitution, he added.

"I don't think they have any costs really - almost 100% of what they earn is pocketed. Many have regular work and this is extra income. We want them to register their activity as a business - it's still taxable, even if it's a hobby," he said.

He stressed the difficulty of identifying strippers, saying the contact information on the websites was often "not obvious".

"We have to visit the companies behind the websites to get the information, then we have to work with the electronic wallets where the money is going in."

He said the Swedish tax authorities had been tipped off about Swedish internet strippers by the Dutch authorities, who had started a similar investigation earlier.

Web search tools like spiders had failed to detect the Swedish strippers.

"When we investigated the sites manually it worked better," he added.

Captain 'tried to escape pirates'

The US captain taken hostage by Somali pirates managed to jump off their lifeboat overnight but was recaptured, according to US media reports.

The escape attempt by Capt Richard Phillips was witnessed by a US navy ship nearby but happened too fast for it to come to his aid, NBC News says.

He was captured after a struggle on his ship, Maersk Alabama. Pirates seized the ship but the crew fought them off.

The US navy is bolstering its forces in the area to combat the pirate captors.

After a lull earlier this year, the Maersk Alabama was the sixth ship hijacked off Somalia in the past week.

Andrew Mwangura, of the East African Seafarers' Assistance Programme, told the BBC at least 18 vessels were now being held in Somali waters, with at least 267 crew members held hostage.

MAJOR PIRATE INCIDENTS
Ukrainian ship MV Faina seized on 25 September 2008, held until 5 February 2009
Saudi tanker Sirius Star held for two months from November 2008; a $3m ransom was negotiated
At least 15 pirate attacks reported to International Maritime Bureau during March 2009
The 32,500-tonne Malaspina Castle, UK-owned but operated by Italians, seized on 6 April 2009.

There are thought to be four pirates with Capt Phillips in the lifeboat, which has reportedly run out of fuel, and it is not yet clear what they are demanding.

The Maersk Alabama is reportedly sailing for the Kenyan port of Mombasa under armed guard.

Gen David Petraeus, head of US Central Command, said reinforcements would arrive within 48 hours, adding that a warship was already very close to the lifeboat.

But other hijacked ships with hostages aboard are also reported to be nearing the area to support the pirates on the lifeboat.

Top priority

There has been rising concern over the fate of Capt Phillips.

"The safe return of the captain is the top priority," US Defence Secretary Robert Gates told reporters in Washington.

BBC map

The cruise-missile carrying USS Bainbridge was sent to the scene in a move analysts say will strengthen the hand of US negotiators.

The destroyer is shadowing the lifeboat, and its officers are talking to the pirates, as well as giving them food and batteries for a two-way radio.

Capt Phillips has a radio and contacted the navy and crew of his ship to say he was unharmed, the Maersk shipping company said in a statement.

FBI experts are helping negotiate his release.

Analysts have said negotiations could be lengthy, with the pirates likely to want a hefty ransom for the captain as well as compensation for a boat that was wrecked in the attack.

Pirate reinforcement

Mohamed Samaw, a Somali who claimed to have a "share" in a British ship hijacked this week, told AP news agency two hijacked ships had left the pirate stronghold of Eyl on Wednesday afternoon.

File photo of the USS Bainbridge
The USS Bainbridge remains close to the scene of the stand-off

He said a further two seized vessels were also sailing towards the lifeboat.

Two of the ships have some 54 hostages aboard, from China, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, the Philippines, Tuvalu, Indonesia and Taiwan.

A man identified as a pirate named Badow told AP: "They had asked us for reinforcement and we have already sent a good number of well-equipped colleagues, who were holding a German cargo ship."

He said there was no intention of harming the captain, as long as the pirates holding him were not hurt.

"All we need, first, is a safe route to escape with the captain, and then (negotiate) ransom later," he said.

Destabilisation concern

The cargo ship, carrying food aid destined for Somalia and Uganda, was seized about 500km (311 miles) off Somalia's coast in the early hours of Wednesday.

Capt Phillips' sister-in-law Lea Coggino says he is "a smart guy who is in control"

After a long struggle, the crew members regained control of the ship.

It is thought that Capt Phillips offered himself as a hostage in order to save his crew.

Zoya Quinn, wife of the ship's second officer, told the Associated Press that Capt Phillips had told the crew to lock themselves in a room and that the pirates, who were "desperate", searched all over the ship for them.

The crew held a wounded pirate for about 12 hours, dressing his wounds "because he was bleeding all over the ship", she said, after communication with her husband Ken by phone and e-mail.

Somalia has been without an effective government since 1991, fuelling the lawlessness which has allowed the pirates to thrive.

Pirates typically hold the ships and crews until large ransoms are paid by the shipping companies - last year the firms handed over about $80m (£54m).

Efforts to stop the pirates have so far had only limited success, with international naval patrols struggling to cover the vast areas of ocean where pirates operate.

The UN's Somalia envoy, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, told Reuters that piracy was threatening to destabilise the region.

In what may prove an important test case, Kenyan officials are currently seeking to try seven pirates captured by US forces in February, the Wall Street Journal reports.

It has previously proved difficult to prove national jurisdiction because pirate attacks usually take place in international waters.



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FROM OTHER NEWS SITES
Telegraph Captain attempts to escape Somali pirates - 41 mins ago
94Country WKKJ BREAKING: Captain attempts to escape pirates and fails - 49 mins ago
Sydney Morning Herald US skipper fails in attempt to escape from pirates holding him captive - 50 mins ago
Reuters Defiant pirates block U.S. hostage's escape bid - 52 mins ago
San Francisco Chronicle Pirates Holding Captain Demand Ransom - 1 hr ago


News feeds| News feeds


Sabtu, 04 April 2009

OECD names and shames tax havens

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has published its blacklist of non-cooperative tax havens.

Costa Rica, Malaysia, and the Philippines are the countries listed as not having agreed to tax standards.

Uruguay had originally been listed too, but later protested that it had been wrongly included.

After listening to its arguments the OECD said it was happy the country had agreed to its tax transparency rules.

The list is part of efforts agreed at the G20 summit to clamp down on havens.

There is also a list of 38 places that have agreed to improve standards but not yet done so, such as Gibraltar, Liechtenstein, Andorra and San Marino.

'Willing to co-operate'

On Thursday, G20 leaders agreed to take sanctions against tax havens using the OECD list as its basis.

In their communique, they agreed, "to take action against non-cooperative jurisdictions, including tax havens".

"We stand ready to deploy sanctions to protect our public finances and financial systems. The era of banking secrecy is over."

Uruguay had objected to its inclusion on the list, published earlier on Friday.

The South American country sent a letter to Angel Gurria, secretary-general of the OECD, from its finance minister Alvaro García.

He informed the OECD that Uruguay had formally endorsed the body's standards on transparency and exchange of information.

"I am pleased that Uruguay joins a growing number of nations willing to co-operate in fighting tax evasion and other tax abuses," said Mr Gurria.

Pressure

Angel Gurria, secretary general of the OECD, said that the G20 summit had helped to focus minds on the issue of tax havens.


There were frosty negotiations between France and China over the inclusion of Macau
Paul Mason, BBC Two Newsnight economics editor

The tax haven that vanished

"We've had more progress in the last two weeks on this matter than we've had in the last 10 or 12 years," he told the BBC.

He added that the progress had come despite the leaders not specifying what sanctions they would take.

"[Non-cooperating countries] will move because they know the question of sanctions, however ill-defined that was, is going to affect them somehow."

The Philippines is already reported to be taking steps to remove itself from the blacklist.

"The Philippine government would take the necessary steps to ensure we meet their expectations," Trade Secretary Peter Favila told the Associated Press news agency.

"It is really up to us to prove them wrong."

Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak said that his country should not be on the blacklist at all.

"We should not be in that category as, in practice, we have been committed to OECD requirements," he said in a statement.

Bomb hits Islamabad police base

A suicide bomber has killed at least five paramilitary police in an attack on a security base in the capital, Islamabad, police say.

The attacker apparently slipped into the base under cover of darkness and attacked a mess tent, also injuring a number of policemen.

Shots heard after the explosion are believed to have come from guards.

It was the second attack on security forces in Islamabad in two weeks and comes amid a rise in militant violence.

Map

A suicide bomb attack on a police station on 23 March left one policeman dead and another injured.

The Pakistani Taleban leader, Baitullah Mehsud, claimed responsibility for that attack.

Violence in Pakistan has surged in recent months amid a wave of attacks blamed on Islamist militants.

Last June a massive bomb blast in Islamabad's Marriott hotel killed at least 53 people and injured more than 250.

Berlusconi call puts Nato on hold

First he complimented Barack Obama's "tan", then he played hide and seek with the German leader. He has even annoyed the Queen by being too loud.

Now Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi has held up the start of a key Nato summit - by talking for too long on his mobile phone.

In his defence, Mr Berlusconi was talking to Turkey's prime minister in a bid to resolve a row at the summit.

But Germany's leader was kept waiting on the red carpet for several minutes.

Angela Merkel had just led Nato leaders from Germany across a bridge straddling the River Rhine to meet President Nicolas Sarkozy coming from Strasbourg on the French side.

Mr Berlusconi joined the group shortly afterwards.

Mrs Merkel looked bemused as the Italian's call dragged on and finally opted to start the event's opening ceremony without the Italian.

It emerged later that Mr Berlusconi had been speaking to his Turkish counterpart in Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, in an attempt to persuade Turkey to drop its opposition to Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen as Nato's new chief.

In the event, Turkey did concede, with Mr Erdogan saying it had been swayed by US President Barack Obama's assurances.

Playboy tactics

The Italian leader has developed a reputation for gaffes, outspoken comments and playful behaviour, even on the world stage.

Silvio Berlusconi speaks on his mobile phone during the French-German Nato summit, 4 April 2009
The best political leader in Europe and the world
Silvio Berlusconi, on himself

Berlusconi in his own words
Berlusconi in pictures

The latest incident comes just days after the Queen appeared to express mild irritation when Mr Berlusconi noisily greeted US President Barack Obama at a photo-call in London.

Last year he was filmed apparently playing "hide and seek" with Mrs Merkel in Trieste, hiding behind a large column as she walked past.

Earlier, he came under fire for describing Barack Obama as "young, handsome and tanned". Mr Berlusconi has palmed off the criticism those comments prompted, saying it emanated from humourless "imbeciles".

Mr Berlusconi's previous practical jokes at formal gatherings include making the Italian horned cuckold gesture behind a Spanish minister during a group photo of EU leaders in 2002.

The billionaire media mogul then sparked a minor diplomatic incident in 2005 by suggesting he had used "playboy tactics" to woo Finnish President Tarja Halonen in order to ensure her backing for Italy to host the European Food Safety Authority.

G20 leaders seal $1tn global deal

The G20 summit has ended in a global deal to boost world growth.

Is it the beginning of a new world economic order?

At first glance, there is less than meets the eye in the G20 communiqué.

There was no co-ordinated economic stimulus plan, and the extra $500bn pledged to the IMF will come with too many strings attached to boost the world economy.

And regulation, although global in principle, will still be applied by national regulators who may take different approaches.

Any help to poor countries was limited in scope, and there seems little prospect of a global trade deal that could lift their prospects in the long term.

New consensus

But there are hints, in the rhetoric and in substantive measures, that a new way of running the world economy may be emerging from the G20 process.

President Barack Obama said as much when he acknowledged that the 'Washington consensus' of unfettered globalisation and deregulation was now outmoded, and called for a more balanced approach to regulating markets rather than letting them run free.


NEW FUNDING PLEDGES
$500bn for the IMF to lend to struggling economies
$250bn to boost world trade
$250bn for a new IMF "overdraft facility" countries can draw on
$100bn that international development banks can lend to poorest countries
IMF will raise $6bn from selling gold reserves to increase lending for the poorest countries
Source: BBC

G20 leaders' statement
Global markets rise on G20 deal
Historic IMF changes
Q&A: The G20's $1tn deal
First Lady moved by school visit
Mixed reactions to G20 outcome

And it is the shift in the US position, which was previously the strongest opponent of international regulation, that has opened the way for a much broader attempt to regulate the financial sector.

These go far beyond banks' capital requirements to include the global regulation of hedge funds, tax havens and executive pay - something that would have been unthinkable before the crisis broke.

And in the new Financial Stability Board, which will now incorporate all G20 members, there is the potential for a powerful new global financial regulator.

Even more significant is the increased power given to the international financial institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, who have been subcontracted by the G20 to monitor and run many of their policies.

IMF managing director Dominique Strauss Kahn was jubilant after the meeting, saying that the IMF "is now truly back."

The IMF's image had been tarnished during the Asian financial crisis and, until the current crisis came to a head, there had been fears that the organisation was losing its relevance.

Mr Strauss-Kahn was particularly enthusiastic about the plan for the IMF to issue $250bn worth of its own currency, the SDR, saying this was the first step on the IMF issuing its own liquity as well as being a lender of last resort - the two key functions of a world central bank.

The IMF will also be made more representative, with China and India getting a bigger say, and its top job opened to all comers, not just Europeans, in the future.

Further meetings

But perhaps most significantly, the G20 decided to continue to meet regularly to monitor progress on dealing with the global economic crisis - with the next meeting scheduled for later this year.

Mr Strauss Kahn said that he believed that the G20 was shaping up as the board of governors for the world economy, and said he favoured an even bigger grouping to give more representation to poor countries.

It may be that after the crisis is over, the G20 disbands as a group.

But given the belief by governments on both sides of the Atlantic that global cooperation is now essential for economic growth, the likelihood is that it will carry on and attempt to strengthen its role.

With fits and starts, the world may be moving to a recognition that as the economy has become global, the power of governments can only be effective if they too become more international in scope.

What the $1tn pledge really costs

Since the financial crisis came to a head we have had to get used to some very large numbers. The G20 summit has given us some more.

Once again, we are using the word "trillion", the one with 12 zeros. That's the headline figure for the financial firepower that the summit is aiming at the crisis.

What has been agreed by world leaders?

But it is not hard cash in the same way as it is when governments repair roads or send rebate cheques out to taxpayers.

The initial destination for a large part of this very large number of dollars is the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

But it is loans which will be used to offer more loans. The big IMF member countries are offering to lend money to the IMF - Japan has already done the deal. The IMF will then have more resources available to help countries if they are hit by the crisis.


HOW BIG IS ONE TRILLION?
Understanding one trillion

Big numbers explained

Since the crisis began, the IMF has made commitments to lend of about $60bn. It hasn't all been handed over yet, but the figures are rising fast.

Mexico is seeking a facility of $47bn. Mexico might well not need it all, but it adds up pretty quickly, when the IMF had lending resources of $250bn before the crisis.

Still they are loans and, apart from some recent special deals for the poorest countries, the IMF generally gets repaid in full.

'IMF-made money'

It gets even murkier when you look at the G20's proposal to create $250bn worth of something called Special Drawing Rights (SDR).


NEW FUNDING PLEDGES
$500bn for the IMF to lend to struggling economies
$250bn to boost world trade
$250bn for a new IMF "overdraft facility" countries can draw on
$100bn that international development banks can lend to poorest countries
IMF will raise $6bn from selling gold reserves to increase lending for the poorest countries
Source: BBC

G20 leaders' statement
Global markets rise on G20 deal
Historic IMF changes
Q&A: The G20's $1tn deal
First Lady moved by school visit
Mixed reactions to G20 outcome

It is an IMF device for boosting countries' foreign exchange reserves and could help them weather the financial storms.

They could be described as obscure, but this huge - tenfold - boost in the total amount probably means they won't stay that way.

They are the nearest equivalent the IMF has to printing international money. They don't really take money away from one place and give it another.

And much of this IMF-made money might just hang around in foreign currency reserves as a kind of financial security blanket.

But that would be a useful function. The additional reserves would reduce the risk of a currency crisis.

Higher risk

Finance for international trade is another area where the figure is large but real spending will, with luck, be a lot less than the headline number of $250bn.

That support will come not in the form of grants but loans or guarantees - insurance for suppliers against the risk of not being paid.

The risk is higher just now, so when banks have become much more cautious trade credit has become especially scarce.

None of this is to say that these measures aren't worth taking or that they involve no real cost.

They may well be worthwhile and some will cost something. But unless thing get much worse they won't cost as much as the headline figure suggests.

Barack Obama has hailed the G20 summit as a historic turning point in the pursuit of world economic recovery.

Leaders pledged new spending and tougher financial regulations, in what the US leader called an unprecedented set of actions to ease the crisis.

He now heads to Strasbourg for talks with the French and German leaders, before a Nato summit begins.

Security is extremely tight in the city, with tens of thousands of troops and police deployed.

On Thursday police clashed with protesters, firing tear gas and rubber bullets to stop a crowd getting to the city centre.

Masked protesters smashed bus shelters and set fire to rubbish bins. French news agency AFP reported around 100 arrests.

Nato talks

Speaking at a news conference in London late on Thursday, Mr Obama said that the G20 leaders had agreed "unprecedented steps to restore growth and prevent a crisis like this from happening again".

NEW FUNDING PLEDGES
$500bn for the IMF to lend to struggling economies
$250bn to boost world trade
$250bn for a new IMF "overdraft facility" countries can draw on
$100bn that international development banks can lend to poorest countries
IMF will raise $6bn from selling gold reserves to increase lending for the poorest countries
Source: BBC

G20 leaders' statement
Global markets rise on G20 deal
Historic IMF changes
Q&A: The G20's $1tn deal
First Lady moved by school visit
Mixed reactions to G20 outcome

They pledged a total of $1.1 trillion (£681bn) in funding to tackle the crisis, including $750bn to the International Monetary Fund, $250bn to boost global trade and $100bn for international development banks to lend to the poorest countries.

Leaders also agreed to introduce tougher financial regulations and sanctions against secretive tax havens.

"This was the day the world came together to fight back against global recession," said Gordon Brown, the host of the summit.

Representatives from the developing world welcomed the outcome.

Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva told the BBC's Newsnight programme that rich countries had engaged with emerging nations on "equal terms" to achieve a good result.

French President Nicolas Sarkozy - who had threatened to walk out of the meeting if it did not yield concrete gains - said that the conclusions were "more than we could have hoped for".

He will meet Mr Obama for one-to-one talks on Friday, after which the US leader will cross into Germany for a meeting with Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Then the focus will turn to Nato and the 60th anniversary summit that is being hosted jointly by France and Germany.

Leaders will gather for a working dinner in the German city of Baden Baden on Friday night before the main talks on Saturday.

The US president is expected to use the opportunity to build support for his new strategy for Afghanistan.

More troops are needed certainly, says the BBC's diplomatic correspondent Jonathan Marcus, but above all the Americans want to see their allies stumping up a good deal more money and more training teams to build Afghanistan's own security forces.

Kamis, 02 April 2009

G20 ‘must give money to Africa’

Aid group Oxfam has told the BBC the G20 summit of world leaders must commit to a $580bn rescue package for Africa.

The group of the world's most powerful countries are meeting in the UK to discuss the global economic crisis.

Other international aid agencies have also expressed concerns that the needs of developing countries in Africa and elsewhere will be forgotten.

But UK minister Lord Malloch Brown has promised that Africa's needs will be addressed at the summit.

Speaking at an event at London's Chatham House think tank, he said the UK hoped a global plan for economic reform would include a package of assistance arranged through the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Oxfam says Africa is looking for serious money and recognition that the crisis is hitting the poorest countries too.

Tax havens

"About $580bn (£403bn) we think is what is needed to service a stimulus in the African continent," Oxfam's regional manager in Kenya, Michael Obriane, told the BBC's Network Africa programme.


One of the concerns at the moment is that 17 of the G20 countries have actually brought in various protectionist measures since the start of the crisis
Oxfam's David Green

What should the G20 do for Africa?

He also called for the world's richest countries to deliver on the promise to give 0.7% of their gross national income as aid and to crack down on tax havens.

"Tax havens… bleed money from rich and poor countries alike, but particularly African countries," he said.

Oxfam's head of research, David Green, emphasised that Africa needs an increase in aid and more trade.

"You can't do a fiscal stimulus if you're an African economy, because you've no money," he told the BBC.

"One of the concerns at the moment is that 17 of the G20 countries have actually brought in various protectionist measures since the start of the crisis."

The aid agency has also called for reform of global governance, to give developing countries the same say as rich countries in decision-making at the global level

South Africa, which has so far avoided a recession, is the only African country in the G20.

But the BBC's Peter Biles in Johannesburg says economists are warning that up to 300,000 jobs could be lost this year, pushing South Africa's unemployment up from the current level of 22%.

The worst hit areas are in mining, the motor industry, clothing and textiles, he says.

In the neighbouring countries of Botswana and Namibia, production at some diamond mines has had to be suspended and some 200,000 jobs have been cut in the Democratic Republic of Congo's mining sector.

Is G20 make or break for Brown?

It is perhaps appropriate that the G20 meeting is taking place in London's Docklands.

This is an area which rose, phoenix-like, from the ashes of past economic shocks but which needed state intervention, and sizeable public spending on infrastructure, before it took off.

But the parallels don't stop there.

The prime minister's long-standing reputation for economic competence has also taken a battering as the world shifted around him.

So he is hoping that it too can rise again as a result of state spending - rescuing the economy, and Labour's political prospects, simultaneously.

But while he had hoped to bask in the warm glow of international approval at the G20 for his "fiscal stimulus" - his plans to spend his way out of the recession - he may instead get his fingers burnt.

Although many other countries are pumping money into their economies, their rhetoric does not always mirror the prime minister's, or indeed that of the US president with whom Gordon Brown is keen to appear close.


G20 LONDON SUMMIT
World leaders will meet this week in London to discuss measures to tackle the downturn. See our in-depth guide to the G20 summit.
The G20 members are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the US and the EU.

Q&A: G20 Summit
G20 protesters: What they want

Many EU leaders - and in particular Germany's right-of-centre chancellor, Angela Merkel - are warning about the risk of building up debt.

Part of Labour's political strategy was to use this week to highlight David Cameron's isolation but the Conservative leader will pounce on any difference of emphasis among G20 governments to suggest that the world is not all that keen on being saved by Mr Brown.

So it is perhaps not surprising that government ministers are now engaged in an exercise of expectation management.

There is less talk than before of a global "new deal" being hammered out.

Reduced expectations

Instead, the Chancellor Alastair Darling is saying there is little point in being "overly optimistic" about what can be achieved.

The G20 summit, he believes, "is important, but it is not the end of the process".

But even if the G20 turns out to be a diplomatic and economic success - for example, there are hopes in government that there will be agreement on tackling tax havens; on instituting better international regulation of the banks and on increasing resources for the International Monetary Fund to help poorer nations - there may not be much of a political premium for the prime minister.

The agenda of the G20 may seem remote from people who - to use the government's own phrase - need "real help now".

The benefits of any agreement at the G20 on a new global financial order might not become apparent until after the next election.

So this week's international meeting should be seen as something of a companion piece to a decidedly national event.

In three weeks' time - much later than is usual in the fiscal cycle - the government will unveil the Budget.

Downing Street insiders are already telling anyone who will listen that there will be substantial help for the least well-off.

That is partly to draw dividing lines with the Conservatives, who are persisting with plans to raise the inheritance tax threshold, and partly in the belief that those lower down the income scale will spend rather than save any extra cash, thus boosting the economy.

But the Conservatives will focus on rising debt levels and even more gloomy forecasts for economic growth - so the Budget will not necessarily boost Gordon Brown's political prospects even if it does boost some people's incomes.

Panic button

With Labour trailing the Conservatives consistently in the polls, some see the G20 as the last thrown of the dice for the prime minister.

The international financier George Soros has said the event is "make or break" for the world economy.

But it will not be make or break for Gordon Brown.

A more likely date to circle in the diary is the day after the European elections in June.

By then, voters will have benefited from any Budget munificence, and might also be in a position to see if the world is shunning or supporting Britain's economic strategy.

If they remain unimpressed as they go to the ballot box, then that is when Labour MPs might be tempted to hit the panic button.

The leaders of the Group of 20, or G20, of the world's most powerful countries are meeting in London with the global economic crisis topping the age




Page last updated at 07:49 GMT, Thursday, 2 April 2009 08:49 UK
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G20: Economic snapshot

The leaders of the Group of 20, or G20, of the world's most powerful countries are meeting in London with the global economic crisis topping the agenda.

G20 countries
G20 members G7 members Show country names
Map of the world highlighting the G20 nations Map of the world showing G7 nations
Click on the links below to find out more about the effects of the recession on each member state and how governments are trying to tackle their problems.

Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy

Japan
Mexico
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
South Korea
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
European Union

ARGENTINA

One of South America's largest economies, Argentina was in economic difficulties even before the global downturn struck.


LATEST NEWS
Cristina Fernandez

Argentine farmers protest
Argentine pension takeover passed

Expansionary policies had caused the economy to overheat, fuelling inflation, while tax revenues shrank because the country's farm exports were fetching lower prices on world markets.

The government responded to the fall in tax revenues by increasing taxation on agricultural exports, a move that sparked continuing protests by farmers.

President Cristina Fernandez, who came to power in December 2007, nationalised the private pension system in November to help plug the hole in the government's finances.

Previously privatised companies such as Aerolineas Argentinas have also returned to state control.

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AUSTRALIA

Australia has experienced a long period of stable economic growth since its last recession in 1991, benefiting from the rise of China and India as markets for its raw materials.


LATEST NEWS
Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd

Australia in Asian trade pact
Australia unveils economic boost

However, its resources-based economy has struggled since the worldwide financial turmoil began in the middle of 2008.

Its mining firms are cutting back on capital spending, reducing staff numbers and mothballing projects.

The government of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd recently announced a 42bn Australian dollar ($26.5bn; £19bn) stimulus plan, as it seeks to shield the country from the global downturn.

Mr Rudd has argued that the G20 alone has the global economic reach to tackle the world economic crisis.

Mr Rudd continues to enjoy strong approval ratings over his handling of the economy, and is renowned for his strong work ethic, earning him the nickname Kevin 24/7.

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BRAZIL

Latin America's biggest economy is also the world's biggest exporter of products ranging from beef and chicken, to orange juice and coffee.


LATEST NEWS
Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva

Brazil wants bigger G20 role
Brazil squares up to economic storm

But it has been hit by sharp falls in world commodity prices as the global downturn curbs demand. Brazil's currency and stock markets have also suffered, after foreign investors sold off assets in order to cover losses back home.

The financial turmoil has already seen one big banking merger, between local giants Itau and Unibanco, and further consolidation may be in prospect.

Brazil's government recently criticised the "Buy American" clause in the US's $787bn (£563bn) economic stimulus package.

Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said the US and other developed countries should not turn to protectionism.

And he hopes the G20 summit will lead to a greater role for developing countries in the world economy.

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CANADA

Thanks to the North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta), Canada's economic health is closely linked to that of the US, which buys three-quarters of its exports.

LATEST NEWS
Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper

Canada approves stimulus plan
Canada unveils stimulus package

The ailing car industry, for instance, is as big a problem for Ottawa as it is for Washington. As a result, Canada has copied many of the US government's tactics, such as cutting interest rates and drawing up stimulus packages, although with the same lack of success.

However, Canada's banking sector and housing market are in better shape than in the US, with far fewer sub-prime mortgages.

In February, the Canadian parliament passed a 40bn Canadian dollar ($32bn; £23bn) economic stimulus package as part of the country's annual budget.

The successful vote was, however, hard to come by for the Conservative government, as opposition parties said the original stimulus deal was insufficient, sparking a political crisis.

The storm resulted in Prime Minister Stephen Harper suspending parliament for six weeks so his government could revise the plans.

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CHINA

The global downturn failed to prevent China overtaking Germany as the world's third-largest economy, but it has had serious consequences for the country, both internally and externally.

Chinese exports have been hit hard by falling world demand, with millions of rural migrants returning to their villages after the factories that employed them closed down.


LATEST NEWS
Premier Wen Jiabao

China warns on social unrest
China seeks economic reforms

China's waning appetite for raw materials has had a knock-on effect on other countries' exports, crushing hopes that key emerging markets could compensate for the developed world's slowdown.

Its banks have not felt the impact like elsewhere, but ordinary people have - with migrant workers especially hard hit.

While China's growth remains relatively strong compared to other countries, it has launched a $587bn stimulus package and has underlined that it now has the largest deficit in twenty years.

And China has recently been talking about the possibility of a new world currency to replace the dollar.

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FRANCE

Unlike most other G20 countries, France has already seen social unrest in response to the global downturn.

In January, millions of French workers in both public and private sectors took industrial action in protest at the government's handling of the economic crisis.


LATEST NEWS
President Nicolas Sarkozy

French fear for car industry
Sarkozy defends plans for economy

The government has since announced a 26bn-euro ($33.1bn; £23.5bn) initiative designed to revitalise the economy.

While France has not officially entered a recession, there are expectations that it will do so in 2009. Its trade deficit hit a record 55.7bn euros ($71.4bn; £48.6bn) in 2008.

President Nicolas Sarkozy has won domestic plaudits for his plans to offer financial support for French industry, most notably the country's carmakers. However, this has angered other European governments, who accuse him of protectionism.

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GERMANY

Germany's economy, which accounts for about a third of eurozone output, is set for a grim year.

The government has predicted that the economy will shrink by 2.25% in 2009, which would be its worst performance in the post-World War II era.


LATEST NEWS
Chancellor Angela Merkel

German economy faces gloomy 2009
Germany pushes bolder rescue plan

The news has come as a shock to many Germans, who prided themselves on their fiscal rectitude, unlike the free-spending, highly-indebted British and Americans.

However, Germany's export-led economy has been relying on demand in other countries, which has now dried up because of the global slowdown.

In February, the country approved a 50bn euro ($63bn, £44bn) stimulus plan, and Chancellor Angela Merkel said Germany would emerge from the economic crisis stronger than when it entered it.

"We are operating on the principle that Germany is strong and therefore can come to terms with this difficult economic situation," she said.

However, Mrs Merkel has warned other countries not to expect Germany to reflate its economy further before it sees how the initial stimulus package has worked.

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INDIA

India's economy has undoubtedly been affected by the global recession.


LATEST NEWS
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh

Indian economy in sharp slowdown
India worries boom will vanish

The most recent official figures showed that its economy grew by less than expected in the last three months of 2008.

The country's gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 5.3% between October and December, compared with 7.6% in the previous three months, and 8.9% in the same period a year earlier.

Agriculture, which makes up about a fifth of the economy was one of the sectors to see growth fall, while industrial firms such as Tata have been severely affected by the freeze in world credit markets and general fall in global spending.

The Congress-led government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh now faces a general election, starting on 16 April.

It is hoping that pledged to waive farm loans and a rural employment guarantee scheme will help it win a second term in power.

India is worried that without a global stimulus plan at the G20, its economic boom may be over.

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INDONESIA

Globalisation has been a significant economic benefit for Indonesia in recent years.

Thanks in no small part to a big growth in manufacturing facilities for major multinationals, its economy grew 6.1% in 2008.


LATEST NEWS
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Corruption classes in Indonesia
Indonesia in Australian trade deal

However, with Western firms cutting back production towards the end of the year, Indonesia's exports dropped sharply in the final three months of the year.

To help lift the economy, the government of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has passed a $6bn (£4.3bn) fiscal stimulus.

But with overseas debts estimated at $151.7bn, the government has its own financial woes.

Critics also say it isn't doing enough to stamp out corruption that continues to deter some would-be investors.

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ITALY

The Italian economy, the third-largest in the eurozone, was one of the first to enter recession.

Its economy has now shrunk for three quarters in succession: in the final three months of 2008, it declined by 1.8%, following previous contractions of 0.5% and 0.4%.


LATEST NEWS
Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi

Economy boost for Spain and Italy
French and Italian output falls

It was also one of the first to approve a stimulus programme. In November, the government of Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi approved an 80bn euro ($102bn; £66bn) emergency package that included tax breaks for poorer families, public works projects and mortgage relief.

Italy has the world's third-highest debt burden, expected to top 110% of GDP this year.

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JAPAN

By the Japanese government's own admission, it is facing the worst economic crisis since the end of World War II.

The slowdown in the world's second-biggest economy is steeper than that being experienced in the US or Europe, as Japan has been hit particularly hard by falling global demand for its products, particularly electronic equipment and cars.


LATEST NEWS
Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso

Japan's economy in quarterly dive
Big fall in Japanese car sales

Consumers have cut back too, alarmed by rising unemployment. The economy contracted by 3.3% in the last three months of 2008, its worst showing since the oil crisis of the 1970s.

And in January its exports plunged 45.7% to a 10-year low.

Prime Minister Taro Aso is now pushing to introduce a stimulus package, but commentators said he is being hampered by his growing unpopularity within his own party.

MEXICO

The Mexican economy is so intertwined with that of the US that when Wall Street sneezes, Mexican firms can find themselves in intensive care.


LATEST NEWS
President Felipe Calderon

Protesters rally in Mexico City
Slowdown hits Mexico remittances

Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta), the proportion of Mexico's exports heading for the US has grown to 85%, leaving the country vulnerable to falling US demand.

Mexico also thrives on remittances from workers who have migrated to the US, but these have fallen for the first time since records began in 1995.

In January, thousands attended a rally in Mexico City to protest at the economic policies of President Felipe Calderon's government.

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RUSSIA

Russia's economy is reeling from the effect of a sharp fall in the price of oil.

The 2009 budget is expected to slip into deficit and analysts predict that the country is heading for its first recession since 1998.

LATEST NEWS
President Dmitry Medvedev

Russia braced for more challenges
Crisis hits Russia's super-rich

Russia's stock markets have plunged in recent months and the central bank has spent billions of dollars trying to support the rouble. The country has also seen unemployment rise sharply recently.

Social unrest has already been broken out in Vladivostok, while the financial crisis has cut the combined fortune of the 10 richest Russians by 66% to $75.9bn, according to business magazine Finans.

Overseas investment in the country is also being deterred by the perception that state-run firms bully or intimidate foreign companies into handing over control of their investments.

There is also widespread cynicism as to how much President Dmitry Medvedev is really in control, and whether power really lies with Prime Minister and former President Vladimir Putin.

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SAUDI ARABIA

The Saudi kingdom is the only G20 country that also belongs to oil producers' cartel Opec (Indonesia allowed its membership to lapse at the end of 2008).

LATEST NEWS
Saudi King Abdullah

Gulf states to see fall in growth
Major reshuffle in Saudi Arabia

The global downturn has led to lower demand for energy, further depressing world oil prices, despite Opec's attempts to cut output.

As a result, the International Monetary Fund predicts that Saudi Arabia and its neighbours will record fiscal deficits of up to 3.1% of GDP in 2009, a marked decline from surpluses of 22.8% of GDP in 2008.

King Abdullah recently replaced the country's central bank chief in a rare reshuffle.

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SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa has the continent's biggest economy and is the only African member of the G20.

The country has already been hit by the global recession, its economy contracting for the first time in 10 years in the last three months of 2008. Between October and December it shrank 1.8% from the previous quarter.

Like Brazil, it fears that the global downturn will lead to a rise in protectionism in rich nations, making it even harder for developing countries to gain a foothold in key markets and increasing their sense of economic isolation.


LATEST NEWS
President Kgalema Motlanthe

Dire warnings about protectionism
What lies ahead for Africa in 2009?

South Africa's finance minister Trevor Manuel told the World Economic Forum in Davos in January that Africa was "at risk of decoupling, derailment and abandonment together".

The African National Congress government of President Kgalema Motlanthe continues to face tough challenges in alleviating poverty and reducing crime levels.

The country goes to the polls on 22 April.

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SOUTH KOREA

The government in Seoul, like its neighbours in the region, fears that the global slowdown could lead to a repeat of the 1997-98 Asian economic crisis.


LATEST NEWS
Lee Myung-bak

East Asia nations hit by downturn
South Korea in $11bn economy plan

South Korea's economy shrank by 3.4% in the last quarter of 2008 compared with the year before, while President Lee Myung-bak has warned that his country faces an "economic emergency".

In response, the government has announced a stimulus package worth 14 trillion won ($10.9bn; £6.6bn) to boost the economy, with eleven trillion won aimed at public projects and three trillion won for tax cuts to encourage spending.

Meanwhile, interest rates have fallen to record lows.

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TURKEY

As it tries to revive its EU membership bid, Turkey has been talking up its response to the downturn as evidence that its reactions are those of a developed country, not an emerging market.


LATEST NEWS
Tayyip Erdogan

Turkey tries to revive EU drive
Which direction for Turkey now?

In the past three months, the central bank has cut interest rates by 3.75 percentage points, although the rate remains high by world standards at 13%.

However, the Turkish lira fell 25% against the dollar in 2008, while industrial output fell 19% in December. Loan talks with the International Monetary Fund were suspended in January after disagreements over the terms.

As well as trying to reduce unemployment levels from the current 12%, the government of Tayyip Erdogan has had to face constant suspicion of its Islamist roots, in a country where the secular and religious are often divided.

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UNITED KINGDOM

The International Monetary Fund expects the UK to suffer the worst contraction among advanced nations in 2009, with its economy predicted to shrink by 2.8%.


LATEST NEWS
Prime Minister Gordon Brown

Grim expectations for UK economy
Bank warns on further stimulus plans

The Bank of England has already cut interest rates to just 0.5% in a bid to help the British economy out of recession, while unemployment is now over 2 million - the highest level since 1997. It has also begun a programme of quantitative easing to pump more funds into the economy by purchasing government bonds.

Troubles in the banking sector have led the government to bail out some of the country's biggest financial institutions, including Royal Bank of Scotland, in which it now holds a 68% stake.

Recently, the governor of the Bank of England warned that the UK economy could not afford another stimulus package, with the government deficit set to soar to 11% of GDP.

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UNITED STATES

The global economic turmoil began in the US, thanks to the sub-prime mortgage crisis in which underperforming home loans were repackaged and sold on as toxic debt.


LATEST NEWS
Barack Obama

US interest rates kept near zero
Q&A: Obama stimulus plan

The Federal Reserve has cut interest rates to near zero in a bid to unfreeze the credit markets, while new Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner has announced a partnership with the private sector to purchase toxic assets, in order to get them off the banks' balance sheets.

President Barack Obama has signed into law a slimmed-down economic stimulus plan worth $787bn (£563bn), but problems in the wider economy are worsening, with unemployment at its highest since 1992.

The government has also announced new plans for tougher financial regulation, including international oversight.

But President Obama has made it clear that he expects other countries to join the US in doing the heavy lifting of pulling the world economy out of recession.

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EUROPEAN UNION

Sixteen of the 27 European Union countries share the euro as their common currency. Their individual economic performances vary considerably, but the eurozone as a whole has been in recession since September 2008 and is forecast to shrink by 1.9% in 2009.


LATEST NEWS

Eurozone economy 'to shrink 1.9%'
Latvia's economy shrinks rapidly

Unemployment in the euro area is expected to exceed 10% in 2010, up from 7.5% in 2008. The eurozone's key interest rate is now at 2%, its lowest level since December 2005. The worst performing EU economy is Latvia, which does not belong to the eurozone. Latvian GDP could fall by as much as 10% this year.

LIVE TEXT AND VIDEO (all times GMT+1)

Welcome to our live coverage of the G20 summit in London, where world leaders have gathered to find a way out of the global economic crisis. We'll bring you news, insights from BBC correspondents, your e-mails, Twitter and the best of the blogs.

1650 The BBC's Jonathan Marcus says: Everybody will be pleased the promised fireworks didn't emerge and that everybody has been on side for a communique, which in many ways appears to have gone rather better perhaps than many of the pundits might have expected in the days leading up to the summit.

1653 Police have drawn batons to push back protestors at Royal Exchange buildings near Bank. Officers using dogs to pursue a small group.
1651 White House says Obama's news conference might start at 1815 BST or perhaps later.

1639 The BBC's Stephanie Flanders says: The unexpected part of the communique is the $100bn for multilateral development banks such as the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.

1637 German Chancellor Angela Merkel describes the agreement as a very, very good, almost historic compromise that will give the world a clearer financial market architecture, reports AP news agency.

1634 The BBC's Kristina Block says: He can't help it. German Finance Minister Peer Steinbrueck closes his statement by saying he thinks it's "very beneficial the G20 communique does not mention any obligation for states to launch further stimulus packages".

1631 The BBC's Andrew Walker at the ExCeL centre says: Gordon Brown clearly does feel he's achieved quite a lot, and in particular he's talking about the end of the 'Washington consensus', which was basically a free market view of the way the international economy would operate, in favour of something rather different.

1628 Brown says Britain is not planning to take advantage of the extra cash available from the IMF.

1626 The BBC's Kristina Block says: Sarkozy started his press conference at exactly the same time as Brown and as the walls between the briefing rooms are temporary and rather thin you can hear Sarkozy talking next door throughout Brown's presser.

1626 Meanwhile, next door, Sarkozy says he's happy with the summit's outcome beyond what he could have imagined.

1616 Brown says the $1tn to IMF and World Bank is in addition to the $5tn of fiscal stimulus that has already been announced by G20 countries.

1615 Gordon Brown says the issues people thought divided us did not divide us at all.

Dominic Casciani
1614 The BBC's Dominic Casciani at Canning Town says: Lots of demonstrators have streamed away from ExCeL, a bit bored with the day. They're penned so far away from the G20 that it's all felt a bit like shouting in a sound-proofed room.

1613 Brown says China has contributed $40bn to the IMF, the EU has put in $100bn and another $100bn came from Japan.

1610 The BBC's Stephanie Flanders says: These are the final numbers now agreed: an extra $500bn for the IMF; $250bn for trade finance; $250bn in new SDRs; $100bn for the multilateral development banks to lend to poor countries; and a $6bn increase in lending for the poorest countries by the IMF. The support for the poorest countries was the last piece of the puzzle that aid groups were waiting for. So the grand total is indeed just over $1.1 trillion.

1609 Brown says there will be another G20 summit later in the year to assess the progress towards achieving the goals of the communique.

1607 Brown says IMF to look into option of selling some of its gold reserves to provide extra funding for poor countries.

1606 Gordon Brown says making available $250bn in trade finance, including $50bn for new trade programme from the World Bank.

1605 Gordon Brown says emerging markets and developing economies to be given bigger voice in IMF and World Bank, leaders of which will be appointed on merit.

1605 Brown confirms a $1tn stimulus has been agreed, including $250bn in Special Drawing Rights.

1601 Brown says banking secrecy will come to an end. He says that hedge funds and credit rating agencies will be more closely regulated.

1601 Gordon Brown pledges to crack down on tax havens.

1601 And wouldn't you know it... both press conferences started at exactly the same time.

1600 The idea that the communique could be ready earlier than scheduled seemed somewhat optimistic. Now we are faced with the prospect that there could be parallel press conferences from Gordon Brown and Nicolas Sarkozy.

e-mail sent in by reader
Javier, London, says: My partner and I live next door to the ExCeL. We felt compelled to stay with friends elsewhere this week. We had to spend hours securing our flat and packing our valuables. It bothers me that all the sympathy appears to be only for the City firms. Have your say

Rory Cellan-Jones
The BBC's Rory Cellan-Jones blogs: Anarchists using iPhones? Or Twitter? Does that really compute? One is a mobile phone that you might think was more of a yuppie toy than a revolutionary tool - the other is a social network used principally by an older, more establishment crowd than, say, Facebook. Read Rory Cellan-Jones's blog

1540 Let's hope today's outcome is better than the last time a Scottish Labour PM held a huge economic summit in London. Ramsay MacDonald hosted dignitaries from 66 nations in 1933 in a bid to stave off the Depression. The meeting broke up without agreement. If I remember correctly, that decade didn't end in hilarity.

1530 BBC diplomatic correspondent James Robbins says: The G20 has eclipsed the G8: the club of the world's most industrialised nations. I think the G20 is the pattern of the future - the largest economies and the emerging and developing economies together.

Bob Geldof talks to the BBC's Emily Maitlis

e-mail sent in by reader
Jan, Sydney, Australia, says: Sometimes you need to get everyone around the table and agree a way forward, and if now is not the time for that I don't know when is. Have your say

Robert Peston
1520 The BBC's Robert Peston says: A chap who knows a lot more about this Special Drawing Rights stuff tells me its not very useful for very poor countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It will be most useful for middle-income, emerging market economies.

1517 The BBC's Joe Lynam says: The German delegation tells me that the G20 will pledge $1.1tn for multilateral organisations such as the IMF.

1510 South African Finance Minister Trevor Manuel tells the BBC: I'm a bit more optimistic than I've been for a very long time.

James Reynolds
The BBC's James Reynolds blogs: The Chinese media has covered every moment of President Hu's trip to London. Of particular interest appears to be his first meeting with Barack Obama. Read more.

Nick Robinson
The BBC's Nick Robinson blogs: He's done it. Gordon Brown has got his trillion. Remember, of course, that this is not a trillion dollars spent now. It is a pledge to make funds available up to that level if countries can show they've met the criteria. Read Nick Robinson's Newslog.

Stephanie Flanders
The BBC's Stephanie Flanders blogs: Here's the issue for Gordon Brown - how do you bring it all home to the UK? How do you show British voters it will make a difference to them? Read Stephanomics.

1501 The BBC's Emily Maitlis says: We are hearing that the closing news conference that we were expecting at 1530 could be starting in the next few minutes.

1457 Latest G20 arrest figures from Met Police: 101 total, made up of 86 until last night/early hours of this morning and 15 since. Including four arrested at Rampart St squat today.

1445 Bob Geldof tells the BBC: It's academic if Sarkozy walks out. Dude - if you've got a problem walk out - who cares? The French national economy in the face of the global one is nothing and I think we're beginning to understand that. National grandstanding is over or at least it should be.

tweet
Alok Jha tweets: Protestors in Exchange Sq taping up messages - tributes to man who died and further claiming police brutality yesterday. Read Alok Jha's tweets.

1443 Global Call to Action Against Poverty founder Kumi Naidoo told the BBC: Right now monitoring the negotiations, they are stuck on virtually every single issue.

Bob Geldof with Emily Maitlis
1441 Bob Geldof, after a diatribe against world leaders, financiers and regulators, turns on demonstrators, telling a blushing Emily Maitlis of the BBC: Protesters should be protesting against themselves because we all sucked on the tit of free money!

1434 Business Secretary Lord Mandelson tells the BBC: I think you will see a major stand taken today against protectionism. I hope what we see is the World Trade Organisation undertaking a monitoring role so that if there are countries that are tempted to go along the protectionist road they cannot do so in privacy.

e-mail sent in by reader
Cityboy, London, UK, says: Do people seriously imagine that there is a shortage of regulation? Have a look at the FSA Handbook - there's plenty there. Hedge fund managers - also regulated. The question is one of enforcement by the FSA of its existing rules. Have your say

1426 A witness to Wednesday's incident in the City when a man died says: I saw him collapse and smash his head and then he was lying there with his eyes wide open. And then a guy in the audience had a megaphone and shouted "police, we need a medic", and within seconds the police had a team of eight people ran forward. And yeah, there was a couple of people throwing bottles and bricks but there was a few other anarchists saying "no, stop this, time out, time out". So within seconds there were no more missiles so the police were with him for a good like two or three minutes before they dragged him back. But as they were dragging him back, then the missiles began.

1424 Bob Geldof at the summit says: The price of failure is beyond comprehension. Normally in summits you get a nice agreement but nobody takes it seriously. We'd better take it very seriously indeed.

Robert Peston
1423 Energy and Climate Change Secretary Ed Miliband tells the BBC: I'm hoping out of the communique that we should get an ambitious agreement at the end of this year at Copenhagen, which is the successor to Kyoto.

Nick Robinson
1421 The BBC's Nick Robinson says: Only $50bn needed to reach the magic figure of a trillion. Not much between G20 friends. Is it? Read Nick Robinson's Newslog.

BBC correspondent Ben Brown
1415 The BBC's Ben Brown says: There are between 500-600 protesters at the ExCeL Centre, representing everything from the anti-war movement to separatists in Ethiopia.

comment from blogger
Daudi Were writes about African issues on his blog mentalacrobatics.com: As Africans we are under-represented at these summits because we are increasingly irrelevant, have even less power and no force at all (except against other African countries). Read Daudi Were's blog

Robert Peston
1400 The BBC's Robert Peston says: We're hearing the $250bn increase in Special Drawing Rights is at least a ten-fold increase in the current stock. That will allow poor nations to borrow (in a world that won't lend to them) at the US official interest rate of practically zero.

1357 The BBC's Dominic Hurst says: Police in riot gear are detaining around 60 people at a squat in Earl Street in East London. They are questioning them about possible links to yesterday's violence. A crowd of about 30 demonstrators is chanting "shame on you" at police, but the situation is peaceful.

1355 Police have raided two squats looking for people suspected of being involved with yesterday's violence in the City. Police said 80 people were detained at Rampart Street in Aldgate, and Earl Street near Liverpool Street Station.

BBC correspondent Ben Brown
1345 The BBC's Ben Brown says: There are 300-400 demonstrators in a cordon about quarter of a mile from the ExCeL centre. They are quite noisy and quite colourful but very peaceful and very calm.

e-mail sent in by reader
Charles Moore, Aarhus, Denmark says: Obama will have a difficult task domestically if the fiscal rules the French and Germans want are too strong and move the focus away from the US and UK financial centres. Have your say

1343 The BBC's Andrew Walker says: There's talk of big increases in funds for the IMF; one figure emerging in the last hour or so is for a made-up IMF currency to be used for bolstering countries' foreign currency reserves. They're planning to release $250bn of that to help nations weather the financial storm.

1321 Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper's spokesman tells the BBC he wants to clarify that Harper was not in the bathroom during the first family photo. Following the morning session, the PM was pulled aside by officials in order to brief him on the latest draft communique and that's why he missed the first family photo.

1314 The BBC's Stephanie McGovern says: Apparently Silvio Berlusconi didn't turn up for the second attempt at the family photo. So still no complete family picture!

Stephanie Flanders
1310 The BBC's Stephanie Flanders says: Note the significance of the $250bn Special Drawing Rights allocation number - that's the maximum increase they could do without the US having to seek approval from Congress. Read Stephanie Flander's blog

1302 The BBC's Emily Maitlis says: It's like the Challenge Anneka of international politics

Robert Peston
1300 The BBC's Robert Peston blogs: The Special Drawing Rights increase is big stuff - and I haven't properly explained the significance. The record $250bn increase in SDRs is shared between all IMF countries, broadly according to their size (on a quota basis). The increase boosts every country's reserves and thus their liquidity. It's particularly valuable for cash-strapped poorer countries or emerging economies. But it's really the equivalent of creating money for all economies, including ours, or for the global economy. Read Peston's Picks.

1257 The G20 leaders are also said to have agreed an increase in the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) made available by the IMF, which can be converted by national governments into currency to provide a swift injection of liquidity and confidence into their economies.

1255 The European Central Bank has cut its main interest rate by a quarter of a percent to 1.25%. It is the sixth cut since October. The bank is responding to the economic downturn, which has seen unemployment in EU countries which use the euro at a three-year high. Most analysts had been expecting a larger rate cut.

1248 World leaders are still locked in talks trying to reach a deal on a recovery plan for the global economy. Latest reports suggest the resources of the International Monetary Fund could be increased to $750bn. But it's not clear if the French president and German chancellor have succeeded in securing tougher rules on financial regulation.

Robert Peston
1243 The BBC's Robert Peston blogs: The amount of trade credit being promised is $200bn (up from the $100bn minimum pledged in the finance ministers' summit last month). Read Peston's Picks.

Stephanie Flanders
1240 The BBC's Stephanie Flanders blogs: The official explanation is that Mr Harper was in the bathroom, but given what I said yesterday about Canada's squeaky clean record I suspect foul play. They'll be putting him behind a pot plant for the next one... More at Stephanomics.

1228 BBC economics producer Stephanie McGovern says: The "family photo" of the G20 is now being taken again after the Canadian Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, missed it. Apparently, he was in the loo and nobody seemed to notice!

G20 'family photo'
Can you guess where Stephen Harper was meant to stand in the 'family photo'?

1225 UK Chancellor Alistair Darling tells the BBC the talks so far have been "pretty constructive". He says he expects an agreement to be reached on increasing trade guarantees to about $250bn (£171bn), which would be a "big help" to getting world trade moving again. "For a recovery to happen, in here and other parts of the world, we need world trade to be going on - but I think that's one indication of where there's a determination amongst all the 20 countries here to act together," he says.

Alistair Darling says agreement on trade guarantees has been reached

1216 French free-climber Alain "Spiderman" Robert has attempted to scale the Lloyds building in the City of London as part of a protest. He unfurled a banner and has now returned to the ground.

1205 The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) says it is to "assess" the death of man at a G20 demonstration in London on Wednesday. Investigators will be examining CCTV footage and attending the post-mortem this afternoon, it says in a statement.

Dominic Casciani
1152 The BBC's Dominic Casciani says: I've seen more people turn out to oppose a Tesco supermarket's planning application. This multi-cause demonstration consists of a bloke dressed as a gorilla, various left-wing groups, a polite Ethiopian group and a smattering of NGOs. There is a young woman in a nice sloaney hat gamely struggling under the weight of Socialist Worker banners because she can't find enough people to take them off her hands. Can the G20 see the demo? Let's put it this way: if that famous smoker Barack Obama gets a ciggie break, and if it's up on the roof of ExceL, and if he just happens to be looking through some binoculars possibly borrowed from his Secret Service detail, he might just might see a flag half a mile away (subject to the mist).

1155 The chairman of the Commission of the African Union, Jean Ping, tells the BBC that he would be making the case for a sell-off of the IMF's gold reserves to provide money for Africa. "We are not asking countries to put their hands in their pockets and give us money because they've promised, promised, promised and done nothing," he says. "[The measure] could be put in place quickly and we could have the money straight away."

1150 If the increase of the IMF's resources by $500bn is agreed, that would effectively triple the amount of resources the institution has to lend to countries in financial difficulty. Some countries, including Japan, the US and the European Union, have already said they will contribute around $100bn each to the fund.

1140 Stuart Fraser from the City of London Corporation says Wednesday's security operation was a success and the day had a "good carnival atmosphere" on the whole. "The high cost is the price of democracy," he added.

Robert Peston
The BBC's Robert Peston blogs: Okay, here's some news (well, sort of). The leaders are close to agreement on the big money questions. There will be a significant increase in the resources of the IMF, the emergency rescue service for ailing economies. The increment in funding for the IMF could be nearer $500bn than the $250bn already pledged as a minimum. Read Peston's Picks.

1137 A spokesman for the UN Millennium Campaign tells the BBC it is vital the rich countries represented at the summit keep their aid commitments and that the commitments made today are monitored.

e-mail sent in by reader
Gary L, Lincolnshire, UK, says: Whether it's the G20 summit or something else, at least people are talking. Give it a chance before we condemn it. If it achieves little, then condemn it. Have your say

comment from blogger
Jotman, one of the bloggers inside the ExceL centre, says he is impressed at the sheer scale of the operation: You could fit two 747 jets inside the media center area of the conference center alone! There are 2,800 journalists and 50 bloggers reporting on the event from inside. Read Jotman's blog

Steve Schifferes
1130 The BBC's Steve Schifferes says: UK Treasury Minister Stephen Timms has said the G20 will definitely introduce sanctions against tax havens - countries which the OECD judges do not comply with rules on financial transparency. He said the only question was the timing of the sanctions - how long countries would have to comply. And he added that the issue was not a red herring because many of the toxic assets that caused the financial meltdown were concealed in such tax havens. The strong line will please the French and Germans.

BBC Europe editor Mark Mardell blogs: The president of France and chancellor of Germany are delivering a message to London and Washington that will be popular at home. There is a widespread feeling that this crisis was created by a financial system that gave priority to vast profits and the acceptance of immense borrowing of money as a way of life. And that it was clearly marked "made in the USA". But this intercontinental financial missile has devastated their towns and cities and they want economic arms talks right now. Read Mark Mardell's Euroblog.

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1122 The BBC's Dominic Casciani texts: At G20 trying and failing to get anywhere near ExceL Centre. Perimeter lockdown is extraordinary. Been around the same roundabout three times. Good news for the cabbie!

1115 UK Secretary of State for International Development Douglas Alexander tells the BBC that agreement of co-ordinated fiscal action, and tougher and more transparent regulation would send a powerful and significant signal to world markets.

BBC correspondent Ben Brown
1115 The BBC's Ben Brown outside the ExceL Centre says: There's room for between 5,000 and 6,000 protesters. Police have been surprised that there are only about 200 protesters here at the moment. One policeman suggested anarchists did not get up very early.

A man in a kilt walks past police near the Excel Centre (20 April 2009)

1108 BBC business correspondent John Moylan says: If measures are implemented with unity and confidence, there's a good chance of a short, sharp slowdown rather than a long and prolonged one.

1100 Mark Malloch Brown, a UK foreign office minister and senior negotiator for the British government, at the summit tells the BBC there is "a lot of drama and hard work ahead during the rest of this morning". "It's nearly there but I think politicians and leaders have arrived with so much vested in this, they've got to go home with a success," he says. "There's a lot more political capital caught up in this process than is normal with most summits."

1056 It's straight down to business as Gordon Brown opens by outlining the work plan for the next few hours. The BBC's Robert Peston says the broad message of the prime minister's statement is that the leaders will all say that the erection of barriers to trade will be resisted at all costs.

1052 UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown, with Barack Obama to his right and UK Chancellor Alistair Darling to his left, is poised to make his opening statement.

1049 The leaders are starting to take their seats. Others are still working the room as TV cameras continue to roll.

Steve Schifferes
1048 The BBC's Steve Schifferes at the ExceL centre says: A massive media scrum of photographers, journalists and cameramen surrounds Bob Geldof as he arrives at the summit to urge it to give more help to Africa. He says that the real problem is that the poorest 50% are so underrepresented at gatherings like the G20. He urges a $50bn stimulus plan for Africa. Only one of the G20 countries (South Africa) is from that region.

Dominic Casciani
The BBC's Dominic Casciani outside the Bank of England, says: It's clean-up day. Workers are slowly putting things right here. The traffic is slowing and life is returning to normal, as gardeners replant the box hedging and clear away the trampled daffodils. The statue of Wellington resplendent upon a horse is covered with graffiti, but that's about to be washed.

Graffiti outside the Bank of England (2 April 2009)


1035 Gordon Brown is flanked by Brazil and China's leaders. Germany and France hover on the sidelines. The photographers are given five seconds at the most to get their shot.

1034 G20 leaders gather for a team photo. Body language experts have their eyes peeled.

1033 The BBC's Claire Bolderson says: All the leaders are assembling for what they call a family photo, a photo of them all before they start talking. Any minute after that we are going to get opening statements from the British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, and that's when the talking actually starts.

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G20 leaders gather for the traditional 'family photo'
1032 Dan Price, a former assistant to President George W Bush for international economic affairs, tells the BBC he thinks there will be a combination of statements of principle and some concrete details at the summit. "These could include enhancing the resources of the IMF and firm action on pushing back against protectionism," he adds.

1030 World Bank President Robert Zoellick tells the BBC that it has just issued a new forecast which predicts a global economic contraction of 1.7%. "We haven't seen numbers like that since World War II - that really means the Great Depression," he says. "We believe that the lower growth will lead to some 200,000 to 400,000 babies dying this year. So the overall effects are dramatic."

The World Bank's Robert Zoellick on the scale of the crisis
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1019 The BBC's Dominic Casciani at the London Stock Exchange texts: No more protest here. Alternative monopoly players gone home saying they need a sit down and a nice cup of tea.

BBC correspondent Ben Brown
1014 The BBC's Ben Brown says: The protest outside the ExCeL Centre has a very different flavour from Wednesday's. One banner on display belongs to the African People's Socialist Society, while another demands: "Stop silent genocide in DR Congo".

1013 When asked about the mood among the G20 leaders, BBC business editor Robert Peston says: "They're all rather jolly from what I can gather. I get the sense that the supposedly intractable issue of tax havens has been sorted."

1008 Talks are scheduled to begin at 1025 with the summit host, Gordon Brown, making the opening speech. After three hours, lunch will be served. Then, leaders will hopefully put the finishing touches to the final communique during another hour of discussion, before a closing press conference due at 1530.

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Opakunle Raphael Abayomi, Nigeria, says: Jobs have been lost, people have cut their spending, demand has shrunk, remittance to third world countries has noticed a significant decline. The G20 protesters should be patient so that a lasting solution will be provided. Have your say

1000 The world's main industrial and developing nations, the G20, have begun a summit in London aimed at rescuing the global economy from its worst crisis since the 1930s. Leaders are discussing what is expected to be an agreement to tighten controls on banks and other financial institutions. France and Germany in particular are pressing for a tough regulatory system to prevent any repeat of the crisis. There are also proposals to act against tax havens. The UK and US have emphasised the need for further stimulus measures.

0953 George Parker, of the Financial Times, tells the BBC that the British public are not worried whether this summit will boost Gordon Brown's popularity. Instead, he says, they want to know whether the world will turns towards protectionism.

0950 South African President Kgalema Motlanthe tells the BBC he wants developing economies to be given extra help at the summit. "We are here to put across the position of the developing world, particularly with regards to the need to protect jobs because it's the impact on the real economy which affects ordinary working people," he says. "And, therefore, if we're to find an everlasting solution we must develop a response that is inclusive of working people."

0945 A Bank of England report says the credit crunch is showing signs of easing, with lenders indicating they will make more credit available to individuals and businesses in the coming three months.

0943 European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso tells the BBC he thinks differences between the G20 leaders are not as marked as they may seem. "There is a real willingness to have convergence at the end of this summit and so I really believe that at the end we'll have a consensus around the two points that sometimes appear as differences: the stimulus of the economy and regulation," he says.

Jose Manuel Barroso says it is essential for the summit to strike a balance between confidence and regulation
0934 US President Barack Obama has a busy day ahead of him. As well as the summit talks, he is holding bilateral meetings with the leaders of South Korea, India and Saudi Arabia. He is cramming all that in before a press conference at 1745.

Obama nd South Korean President Lee Myung-Bak hold a one-to-one meeting

Robert Peston
The BBC's Robert Peston blogs: The message of the UK's business secretary is that Prime Minister Gordon Brown is being "greedy" - greedy for massive additional resources for the IMF for bailing out beleaguered economies; greedy for hundreds of billions of commitments to finance drooping world trade; greedy for a substantial injection of funds into poorer developing nations. Read Peston's Picks.

The BBC's Robert Peston talks to Lord Mandelson

0920 The working breakfast is well under way. Once the last of the croissants is polished off, there will be a group photo of the leaders. The event is scheduled for 0935, but the summit is running late.

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Tim tweets: The demonstration at London Stock Exchange is pretty pathetic. Even the dwindling number of protesters look bored. Read Tim's tweets.

0916 The BBC's Rob Broomby, who is outside the summit venue, says: There's a handful of protesters here, maybe 10 at the most. They're been kept back by a ring of steel. There's every hope there will be no repetition to the kinds of scenes we saw in the City of London on Wednesday. We can even see police in boats out on the Royal Victoria dock - nobody's going to get anywhere near.

The BBC's Robert Hall explains how police are stopping protesters reaching the ExCeL Centre
0913 The BBC's Richard Westcott outside the London Stock Exchange says: The protest planned for 0700 in the City of London is getting off to a late start. Only 40 demonstrators have made it out so far. Looks like some of the protesters needed a lie-in.

0910 UK house prices rose for the first time in 16 months during March, according to the latest survey from the Nationwide building society. They were up by 0.9%. However, officials say it is too early to talk of a sustained recovery in the housing market.

0906 BBC business correspondent John Moylan says about four or five drafts of the final communique are currently being circulated.

Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel chat athe G20 summit (2 April 2009)


0905 Lord Mandelson says that three outstanding issues at the summit are trade finance, funding for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and tax havens. He says that we will need to wait and see on the language on the fiscal stimulus packages. He adds off camera that Prime Minister Gordon Brown wants bigger numbers on all of these matters, reports the BBC's Steve Schifferes.

0903 The UK's Business Secretary, Lord Mandelson, tells the BBC there is nothing manufactured about the reported disagreements among G20 leaders: "I wish they were manufactured, then they would be easily ironed out but they have persisted overnight," he says.

0902 UK Treasury sources have revealed that agreement has been reached with the tax haven of Liechtenstein to co-operate over tax disclosure with other authorities, reports the BBC's Hugh Pym at the ExCeL Centre. British officials visited Liechtenstein yesterday to discuss how this might be implemented. Our correspondent says this agreement will feature as part of the final summit communique, in which a crackdown on tax havens will feature strongly.

Robert Peston
The BBC's Robert Peston blogs: Thank goodness for le president, M Sarkozy. His tantrum yesterday, his near-threat that he would stomp out if the excesses of Anglo-American financial capitalism aren't definitively tamed, created the almost convincing impression that the stuff which really matters in today's communique hasn't been stitched up and choreographed in the preceding days by diligent officials. Read Peston's Picks

The BBC's Robert Peston on whether chaos for G20 journalists this morning could sour reporting of the summit
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PCMyrs, Tonbridge, UK, says: Get a grip on financial regulation! Hedge funds, short selling, spread betting, leveraged buyouts must be curtailed. Regulate them hard! Better, ban them! Have your say

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Diana Atkin, Canada, says: The only thing the G20 should achieve is that in future there should be no sole world economic power shaping global economics. Have your say


James Robbins
The BBC's James Robbins says: Arguments over the balance to be struck between pumping more money into shrunken economies and far tougher rules and restrictions for financial institutions mean the final communique will be worked on word-by-word throughout the summit. The leaders will work around a vast table with 64 seats, while their "sherpas", or chief negotiators, constantly refine and update the joint texts on computer screens in a nearby room.

0838 Canada's Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, is the last to arrive.

World leaders arrive at the ExCeL Centre

0833 Silvio Berlusconi arrives. The Italian prime minister appears to want to get straight down to business, waving a piece of paper in front of Gordon Brown with some consternation. Not sure what was on it, possibly a newspaper article or the schedule for the day.

The BBC's Andrew Walker says: Mr Sarkozy has been specially vocal in calling for this summit to mark the start of a stronger system of international financial regulation, but German Chancellor Angela Merkel shares his views. Drafts of the communique do include plans to tackle executive pay arrangements that encourage excessively risky trading and to require banks to hold more capital to protect themselves against losses. There is also a proposal to name and apply sanctions to tax havens. But Mr Sarkozy has said that he wants the language on regulation to be tougher.

0831 Nicolas Sarkozy pulls up. Momentary confusion follows over where to stand for the noisy crowd of photographers. There's the odd smile between the French and British leaders, as well as some furrowed brows. "He's always my friend," President Sarkozy says.

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thecityblog tweets: Monopoly takes shape at the Stock Exchange. Who's going to play the banker? Read thecityblog 's tweets.

Blogger Moorgate Mercurius took this photo of an over sized monopoly board being used by protesters this morning outside the Stock Exchange
Blogger Moorgate Mercurius took this photo of an over-sized monopoly board being used by protesters outside the London Stock Exchange on Monday

0826 The Brazilian president, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, known as Lula back in Brazil, stops for a quick chat with Gordon Brown before posing for the cameras. Ahead of the summit, President Lula said the world's poor should not be forced to pay for the global financial crisis. "It is a crisis caused and encouraged by the irrational behaviour of white people with blue eyes," he said, "who before the crisis appeared to know everything, but are now showing that they know nothing."

0822 Chinese President Hu Jintao is next in.

0820 Angela Merkel, German chancellor and thorn in the side of Gordon Brown, arrives. "I'm the last already?" she asks. "No, no, no..." he mutters.

0815 A cheerful-looking Dmitry Medvedev, Russia's president, is greeted by Gordon Brown. The British PM must surely be getting jaw and arm ache with all that smiling and handshaking.

0812 Argentina's President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner arrives.

Steve Schifferes
0810 The BBC's Steve Schifferes says: The huge press area at the ExCeL Centre for the written media - with hundreds of desks - is still mostly deserted. It may be that the security problems around journalists arriving earlier have delayed many journalists who were hoping to arrive earlier. Staff are passing out G20 notepads and pens in compensation.

0808 Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan joins his fellow leaders at the ExCeL Centre.

0807 Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende and European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso arrive. But there is still no sign of the German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, or French President Nicolas Sarkozy.

0805 The managing director of the International Monetary Fund, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, arrives next. On the eve of the summit, he told the BBC that there was plenty the IMF and world leaders could agree to do. "I think they all understand that this crisis is for a large part a crisis of confidence and they need in their own hand to show leadership," he said.

0803 Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gets a firm handshake from Britain's leader on arrival.

0759 Next to arrive is the Spanish PM, Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero

0755 South Korean President Lee Myung-bak, World Trade Organisation director-general Pascal Lamy, and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh are next in.

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Eder Medina, Lima, Peru, says: The G20 summit is now the hope of millions of people from all over the world despite the fact that this summit has triggered popular outcry. Have your say

0751 Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd is greeted by Mr Brown.

0749 World leaders are trickling in, with Japan's Prime Minister Taro Aso the latest to arrive.

0748 The BBC's Richard Westcott says: One man tried to climb a monument in Paternoster Square, not far from the London Stock Exchange until the police stepped in. Other than that, it's quiet there are the moment, with 40 protesters and a game of Monopoly under way.

A man is led away by Police in Paternoster Square (2 April 2009)

0746 The Ethiopian Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi, has arrived. Mr Zenawi is leading a delegation from the New Partnership for Africa's Development (Nepad). The African Union is backing international calls for stricter regulation of banks, hedge funds and tax havens and that it is urging the international community to help create a financial stimulus package for Africa, the AFP news agency reports.

0744 Mr Obama looks relaxed as he is greeted by the British leader. The two of them flash their smiles for the cameras.

0742 US President Barack Obama pulls up outside the venue in "The Beast", his now famous armoured limousine. On Wednesday, he stressed that the world leaders were not going to agree on every point, but said the summit was an opportunity not to be missed.

Barack Obama arrives at the ExCeL Centre in "The Beast"

0740 UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown arrives with his Thai counterpart, Abhisit Vejjajiva, followed by Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolanek. The Czech Republic currently holds the EU presidency.

0739 The BBC's Philip Hampsheir at the London Stock Exchange says there are 150 police officers outside, about the same number of reporters, and just 15 protesters.

0735 So far, Robert Zoellick, president of the World Bank, and Mario Draghi, chairman of the Financial Stability Forum, have arrived.

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0730 The BBC's Steve Schifferes texts: Media buses in lock-down for head of state arrivals

0728 The arrival of the leaders is imminent. Reporters are keeping an eye on the sky for Barack Obama flying in by helicopter. Things will kick off with a working breakfast before the talks begin in earnest.

Bridget Kendall
The BBC's Bridge Kendall says: Barack Obama's first foray across the Atlantic as US president to bolster ties with Europeans met its first hiccup on Wednesday. The blunt warning from the French and German leaders that they will not back down from demanding tough new rules for banks, hedge funds and tax havens was aimed above all at America. It exposes a deep fault line between countries who back US-style capitalism with its light regulatory touch and those - more critical - who argue now is the time for a radical global overhaul. There is not much time left for Gordon Brown, as host, to ensure he has got them all on board. The summit ends this afternoon with the signing of a joint communique.

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0715 The BBC's Peter Machin at ExCeL texts: Connaught Bridge leading to ExCeL closed. Reason unknown, rumoured to be protester action on bridge. Diversions.

People walk past the G20 logo in the main press centre of the ExCel Centre in London (1 April 2009)

e-mail sent in by reader
Paul, Manchester, UK, says: What do the protesters think the world leaders are 'in town' to do? They are here to find answers and resolve the issues. Protesting is not helping, it's just causing problems, heightening security risks and generally wasting the tax payers' money. Have your say

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Evie, Canterbury UK, says: I was at the protests because I believe that the leaders meeting at this summit aren't going to come up with solutions that will solve the problems we are facing in the world today. I can only hope that we aren't totally dismissed. Have your say

Hugh Pym
0655 BBC chief economics correspondent Hugh Pym says: We had a rendezvous in a desolate car park at 0530 this morning to get the press bus, followed by a bizarre journey around Docklands to the media accreditation centre. Then another bus journey through a bleak landscape to an underground car park. Finally, we entered the vast ExCeL Centre, where we were given coffee and bacon butties. Life's not so bad. I've just heard that some buses have been held up, delaying other journalists. At least I am in.

0652 Further protests are expected today - this time the London Stock Exchange and the ExCeL Centre will provide the backdrop. There will also be anti-war demonstrations. A massive security operation will be in force once again, with hundreds of police officers on duty at possible flashpoints around the city.

0650 Tragically, a man involved in the protests died on Wednesday evening - after collapsing. The man, thought to be in his 30s, was found unconscious near the Bank of England. Police say bottles were thrown at officers who tried to help him.

0648 The Metropolitan Police say four people arrested during Wednesday's protests have been charged - three with possessing a bladed weapon, and one with assault, the Press Association reports.

Protester shouts outide Bank of England (1 April 2009)

0645 A BBC correspondent says a major security problem at the ExCeL Centre in the Docklands has stopped members of the media checking in for an hour. Time is ticking, however, as the leaders are due to begin arriving in five minutes ahead of a working breakfast.

0638 On Wednesday, there were several violent incidents in London as thousands of demonstrators took to the streets to protest over capitalism, climate change and war to coincide with the summit. Some smashed their way into a branch of the Royal Bank of Scotland, trashing equipment and daubing graffiti on the walls. Nearly 90 people were arrested. But the protests were generally peaceful.

0635 The G20 is meeting against a background of grim forecasts from several international agencies suggesting that the world economy will contract this year for the first time since World War II. The US and UK would like to see continental European countries to do more to stimulate growth, but for both Germany and France the big issue is more financial regulation to prevent any repetition of the crisis.

0630 Good morning and welcome to our live coverage of the G20 summit in London. We will be updating this page throughout the day, bringing you insights from BBC correspondents, some of your emails, Twitter, and the best of the blogs. As ever, we would love to hear what you make of the summit's developments, or the widespread protests expected nearby.